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Growth Conditions of Global Terrestrial Vegetation
Beijing Normal University
Zhou Hongmin
E-Mail: zhouhm@bnu.edu.cn
Tel: 86-10-58804233
Website:glass-product.bnu.edu.cn
Address: BNU Center for Global Change Data Processing and Analysis, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19#, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
Growth Changes of Global Vegetation in 2011~2013 and Analysis of the Significant Area
In the past three years, the only areas where global terrestrial vegetation growth conditions have gotten better are mainly distributed in the tropical rainforests, temperate coniferous forests and humid forests in subtropical and warm temperate regions. The improvement of the vegetation growth in regions such as northeastern Australia and northern Canada is associated with the increase of precipitation. In some other areas, the growth conditions of vegetation became worse, such as the central United States, the subtropical grasslands in northeast Brazil, and southern Africa, which was related to the drought during the same period. Take MLAI as an example, the global vegetation growth had a large range of spatial variation during 2011 and 2013.
From the spatial pattern, the forest regions in the mid and high latitude areas near Eurasian 60°N and Central America were the rising areas of vegetation growth, where the vegetation growth had a larger magnitude and more spatial expansion in 2013 than that in 2012. In the summer of 2013 the vegetation growth condition in the central-west United States was obviously worse than that of 2012. However, in 2013 the overall decline of vegetation growth in northeastern Brazil dry tropical forest and thin forest areas was not obvious; and it was relatively obvious in 2012 ( Figure 3 ).
From 2011 to 2013, the global terrestrial vegetation growth condition was better than that of the perennial areas which were mainly distributed in the humid forest areas, such as tropical rainforests, temperate coniferous forests, subtropical and warm temperate humid forests, etc.
Between 2011 and 2013, the LAI change of grassland vegetation in central United States, northeastern Australia, northeastern Brazil, northern Canada and southern Africa was obvious. The worsened vegetation growth condition in central United States was relevant to the drought occurring at the same period. The improved vegetation growth in northeastern Australia corresponded to the increase in precipitation.
( 1 ) Central United States
The peak value of LAI from 2011 to 2013 occurred about half a month in advance compared with the average status of the 13 years ( 2000~2012 ) since 2000, about a month in advance compared with the average status of the 31 years ( 1982~2012 ). It reveals that the phenological phenomenon of vegetation growth in the region advanced apparently in the past 3 years due to the rise in temperature in spring. The fact that the peak value of the average status of 13 years is half a month earlier than that of 31 years has been a very good example for the ecological response to the global warming since 2000.
The LAI peak value of 2011 is significantly lower than the average peak value, which means that this region may suffer from the severe drought at the same time of the spring of 2011. Compared with the fluctuation curve of average value, the drought last continuously until about September. The spring of 2012 was to the contrary. Due to abundant precipitation compared to normal years, the LAI peak value is significantly higher than that of normal years. However, the fluctuation curves of 2012 and 2013 also reflect that there were different degrees of droughts occurring after middle April. Among them, the drought in 2012 was more serious and last continuously until September. The inference of 2012 drought event and related news reports are totally in compliance. Moreover, from the drift backwards phenomenon of LAI curve peak in recent three years, the trend in the spring temperature in the region rises in general, but slow decline year by year can also be inferred ( Figure 4 ).
( 2 ) Northeastern Australia
From 2011 to 2013, the change of plants in northeastern Australia is obvious. The main landscapes in this area are dry tropical forest and tropical woodlands. In the past three years, the LAI maximum reached 2.0 to 2.4, while the minimum is about 0.5. In recent three years, the LAI curve in this area was basically the same as that of the two background curves in oscillatory rhythm, and the biggest difference was that the LAI peak value of the former was higher than that of the latter ( Figure 5 ), reflecting the fact that the main cause of the good vegetation growth condition was the result of an increase in local rainfall during the summer. From January to March 2011, the LAI curve value is 0.75 to 1.0 higher than the background value. The rise is rather obvious, and the increase in January can be inferred that the rainfall possibly has increased since the end of 2010. The data from meteorological station also verifies this speculation. In addition, the peak value of LAI appeared about half a month in advance. It suggests that the temperature during this time was higher than usual. It is because the water and heat conditions in 2011 were apparently better than normal years, so the growth of vegetation was significantly better than normal years.
( 3 ) Northeastern Brazil
The north-east region of Brazil is located near 5°S to 10°S, and the vegetation landscapes are mainly tropical woodland and tropical savanna. Judging from Figure 6, the characteristics of LAI fluctuation curve in recent three years matched well with those of the background value curves of 31 years and 13 years. The characteristics of seasonal changes are obvious with great fluctuations, which corresponded with the climate characteristics of the plant type in dry and wet seasons. Moreover, the basic agreement with LAI fluctuation curve of northeastern Australia shows that the vegetation types are similar. Compared with background value curves of 31 years and 13 years, the LAI fluctuation values between January and May 2012 and 2013 were significantly lower than multiyear average, while those of 2011 were to the contrary. This indicates that the vegetation growth conditions reflected in the most recent three years all belong to "abnormal" phenomenon. The LAI dramatic decrease from January to May in 2012 and 2013 was the result of significant reduction of rainfall, whereas the LAI increase in 2011 was because of an increase in precipitation. The backward drift of peak value time in 2011 illustrates that the air temperature from January to April decreased by some degree.
( 4 ) The Area nearby Canada 60°N
The vegetation in the area nearby 60°N in Canada is mainly a cold temperate zone coniferous forest. The LAI curve of 2011 basically corresponded with the background value curves of 31 years and 13 years, and the peak values in the LAI curve of 2012 and 2013 are higher than the two background values ( Figure 7 ), which indicates that the vegetation growth condition in the area is obviously better than that of regular years in recent two years. The fluctuation curve demonstrates that LAI increases to large extent from May to August of 2012 and 2013, from which it can be inferred that it is mainly caused by the increase in precipitation from May to August.
( 5 )The Subtropical Grassland in Southern Africa
The area near 26.5°S in Africa is mainly subtropical grassland. Similar to the situation in northeastern Brazil, LAI curve in recent three years corresponded with the fluctuation rule of 31 years and 13 years background value curves. However, in 2012 and 2013, the peak value of LAI curve was obviously lower than the background value; while in 2011, the situation was to the contrary ( Figure 8 ), which indicates that the vegetation growth condition was poorer in recent two years. In summer ( January to March ) of 2013, LAI's decreasing magnitude is the largest. It can be inferred that the situation is caused by obviously less precipitation than that of the same period of other years; while the situation of 2011 is caused by the increase in rainfall.